For years，psychologists（心理学家） have been against giving children prizes or money for their performance in school．"Outwards"prizes，they say，can undermine the joy of learning for its own good and can even lead to cheating．

But many economists（经济学家） and business people disagree，and their opinions often become popular in the educational market place．Prize programs that pay students are underway in many cities．In some places，students can bring home hundreds of dollars for，say，taking an Advanced Placement course and having high grades in the exams．

"Whether such efforts work continues to be a debate（争议），"said Barbara Marian，an assistant professor of education at Pennsylvania State．She is against using prizes as encouragement．Among parents，it often leads to very hot discussion．And in public education，a new focus on school reform（改革） pushes researchers on both sides of the debate to make more efforts to get data（数据） that may provide information on when and whether prizes work．

"We have to get beyond our biases（偏见），"said Roland Fryer，aneconomist at Harvard University who is planning and testing several prizeprograms．"Luckily，the scientific method allows us to examine most ofthose biases and let the data do the talking．"In the cash programs being studied，Roland Fryer and other economists compare the schoolperformance of groups of students who are paid and students who arenot．In the study，they find that the students who are prized get highergrades on the SAT and go to better colleges than those who are not．

However，many psychologists believe that early data can be one﹣sided．Research suggests that prizes may work in the short term but havebad influences in the long term．

"Are they highly interested in what they are doing？Or does it feel like hard work？The same prize program might have different influences ondifferent kinds of students，"said Kirabo Jackson，a famous psychologist at Cornell University．"The higher the prize is，the more harmful the result might be．"

81．The underlined word"undermine"in Paragraph l most probably means"　　"．

A．understand

B．examine

C．kill

D．protect

82．From Paragraph 2 and Paragraph 3，we can learn that　　．

A．the students'parents welcome prize programs

B．prize programs are getting popular in many cities

C．Thegovernment provides money for prize programs

D．all theeducation researchers support prize programs

83．According to Roland Fryer and other economists'study，students who are paid　　．

A．have more scientific methods

B．like to discuss with other students

C．always cheat in examinations

D．have better performance at school

84．The passage mainly tells us　　．

A．how to use prizes to encourage the students

B．different opinions on giving students prizes

C．how to make students study hard in schools

D．bad results caused by some prize programs

85．What does the writer think of prize programs？　　

A．He doesn't mention it．

B．He thinks they are harmful．

C．He thinks they are great．

D．He doesn't care about them．